Obesity Kuznets Curve conjecture assessment in African economies: conditioning effects of urbanization, food, and trade using gender-based regional analysis

Wang, Wenxin; Mensah, Isaac Adjei; Atingabili, Samuel; Omari-Sasu, Akoto Yaw; Nouwati, Emmanuel; Kunkuaboor, Clement Yenube; Obobisa, Emma Serwaa; Qiao, Mu

doi:10.1186/s12992-025-01121-8

Globalization and Health

Table 3 Dynamic fixed effect estimation (Regional Analysis)

From: Obesity Kuznets Curve conjecture assessment in African economies: conditioning effects of urbanization, food, and trade using gender-based regional analysis

Eastern Africa
OB_B-Model			OB_M-Model				OB_F-Model OB_F
Variable	Estimates		Variable		Estimates		Variable		Estimates
Lag- OB_B	0.788***		Lag- OB_B		0.767 ***		Lag- OB_F		0.789 ***
GDP	−0.569 ***		GDP		−0.552 ***		GDP		−0.494 ***
GDP²	0.274 ***		GDP²		0.271 ***		GDP²		0.238 ***
FPI	0.146 ***		FPI		0.139 ***		FPI		0.148 ***
URB	−0.154 ***		URB		−0.157 ***		URB		−0.165***
TRD	0.067 ***		TRD		0.087 ***		TRD		0.066***
OKC hyp	Not Validated		Not Validated				Not Validated
AR [2]	−0.573		−0.255				−0.487
F-statistic	64.790 ***		117.37 ***				49.270 ***
Western region panel
OB_B-Model			OB_M-Model				OB_F-Model OB_F
Variable	Estimates		Variable		Estimates		Variable		Estimates
Lag- OBE_B	0.836 ***		Lag- OBE_B		0.833 ***		Lag- OBE_F		0.834***
GDP	2.327 ***		GDP		2.372 ***		GDP		2.242 ***
GDP²	−0.198 ***		GDP²		−0.223***		GDP²		−0.185***
FPI	0.155 ***		FPI		0.161 ***		FPI		0.157 ***
URB	0.103 ***		URB		−0.117 ***		URB		0.106 ***
TRD	0.055 ***		TRD		0.068 ***		TRD		0.052 ***
OKC hyp	Validated		Validated				Validated
GDP peak-point level	356.475		204.054				428.144
AR [2]	−0.236		−0.231				−0.227
F-statistic	257.400 ***		223.920 ***				225.170 ***
Central region panel
OB_B-Model			OB_M-Model				OB_F-Model OB_F
Variable	Estimates		Variable		Estimates		Variable		Estimates
Lag- OBE_B	0.812 ***		Lag- OBE_B		0.805***		Lag- OBE_F		0.817 ***
GDP	1.268 ***		GDP		1.381 ***		GDP		1.243 ***
GDP²	−0.116 ***		GDP²		−0.109 ***		GDP²		−0.105 ***
FPI	0.147 ***		FPI		0.134 ***		FPI		0.189 ***
URB	−0.133 ***		URB		−0.173 ***		URB		−0.135 ***
TRD	0.049 ***		TRD		0.065 ***		TRD		0.044 ***
OKC hyp	Valid		Valid				Valid
GDP peak-point level	236.398		563.892				372.372
AR [2]	−0.086		−0.124				−0.098
F-statistic	101.930 ***		109.530 ***				103.550 ***
Southern Africa
OB_B-Model		OB_M-Model				OB_F-Model OB_F
Variable	Estimates	Variable		Estimates		Variable		Estimates
Lag- OBE_B	0.8000***	Lag- OBE_B		0.808 ***		Lag- OBE_F		0.805 ***
GDP	2.487***	GDP		2.560 ***		GDP		2.458 ***
GDP²	−0.185***	GDP²		−0.172 ***		GDP²		−0.176 ***
FPI	0.138 ***	FPI		0.146 ***		FPI		0.135 ***
URB	0.052 ***	URB		0.103 ***		URB		−0.036 **
TRD	0.054***	TRD		0.077 ***		TRD		0.050 ***
OKC hyp	Valid	Valid				Valid
GDP peak-point level	830.163	1,705.921				1,078.099
AR [2]	−0.046	0.052				−0.219
F-statistic	109.160***	95.720 ***				105.95 ***

^*** and ** represents 1% and 5% level of significance, AR [2] means Arellano-Bond test of second order autocorrelation

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