Table 3 Most common approaches to address the health equity of RIM populations
PROGRESS + characteristic | Most common approaches among TiC interventions | Study ID (author, year) of relevant TiC interventions |
|---|---|---|
Place of residence | Home visits to save travel times; Planning activities in neighbourhoods where RIM populations usually reside; Offering transportation services to clinics | Alalawneh, 2019 [34] Alalawneh 2022 [36] Ansbro, 2021 [50] Dougherty, 2021 [22] Lambert, 2018 [54] Miner, 2017 [32] Nacif-Gomera, 2013 [44] Salt, 2017 [29] Vais, 2020 [30] Yang, 2021 [59] Yun, 2016 [31] |
Religion | Faith-based representatives in the design and implementation of the intervention; Addressing any religious concerns or considerations of patients | Michael, 2019 [27] Sharma, 2023 [46] |
Occupation | Flexible intervention hours (e.g., weekends, evenings) to accommodate work schedules | Nacif-Gomera, 2013 [44] Yun, 2016 [31] |
Gender | Using gender-safe environments and communities (e.g., sewing groups) to hold intervention activities; matching intervention facilitator to the gender of the patient; designing the intervention around gender-specific health services (e.g., antenatal and perinatal care) | Documet, 2020 [21] Dougherty, 2021 [22] Hsu, 2015 [24] Owens, 2016 [55] Robertson, 2019 [56] Salt, 2017 [29] Tsai, 2018 [43] Vais, 2020 [30] Yelland, 2020 [61] |
Race and/or ethnicity | Ethnic-matched intervention facilitators and navigators; Designing the intervention around ethnic-specific needs (e.g., Somalis and war trauma) | Ahmad, 2022 [35] De Voogd, 2020 [48] Documet, 2020 [21] Hsu, 2015 [24] Pacheco, 2012 [28] Robertson, 2019 [56] Sheikh, 2009 [33] Streuli, 2021 [57] Tsai, 2018 [43] Yang, 2021 [59] Yun, 2016 [31] |
Culture | Employing and training intervention facilitators to deliver culturally-tailored services; Co-designing and refining intervention elements by pilot-testing materials and processes with cultural community leaders | Ahmad, 2022 [35] Brown, 2018 [51] Dougherty, 2021 [22] Ghahari, 2020 [53] Hill, 2008 [49] Hsu, 2015 [24] Jervelund, 2017 [37] Jervelund, 2018 [13] Lachal, 2019 [45] McBride, 2016 [47] McMurray, 2014 [26] Michael, 2019 [27] Miner, 2017 [32] Nacif-Gomera, 2013 [44] Owens, 2016 [55] Pacheco, 2012 [28] Robertson, 2019 [56] Salt, 2017 [29] Sharma, 2023 [46] Sheikh, 2009 [33] Streuli, 2021 [57] Tsai, 2018 [43] Yang, 2021 [59] |
Language | Using interpreters and translators at the time of intervention delivery; translating intervention materials to the native language of the intended RIM populations | Ahmad, 2022 [35] Coffman, 2017 [52] De Voogd, 2020 [48] Dougherty, 2021 [22] Farokhi, 2018 [23] Ghahari, 2020 [53] Hsu, 2015 [24] Jahn, 2018 [39] Jervelund, 2017 [37] Jervelund, 2018 [13] Lachal, 2019 [45] Lambert, 2018 [54] Long, 2021 [42] McBride, 2016 [47] McMurray, 2014 [26] Pacheco, 2012 [28] Russel, 2021 [40] Saito, 2021 [41] Salt, 2017 [29] Sharma, 2023 [46] Sheikh, 2009 [33] Straßner 2019 [38] Streuli, 2021 [57] Tsai, 2018 [43] Vais, 2020 [30] Yang, 2021 [59] Yelland, 2020 [61] Yun, 2016 [31] |
Education | Educating patients on their health, health behaviours, and the healthcare system; Designing the intervention to specifically address the dimensions of health literacy (e.g., knowledge and access to information); facilitating bilateral (i.e., provider-patient) health information sharing through health records and the presence of intervention facilitators/mediators during consultations | Ahmad, 2022 [35] Alalawneh, 2019 [34] Alalawneh 2022 [36] Ansbro, 2021 [50] Brown, 2018 [51] Coffman, 2017 [52] De Voogd, 2020 [48] Dougherty, 2021 [22] Farokhi, 2018 [23] Ghahari, 2020 [53] Hsu, 2015 [24] Jervelund, 2017 [37] Jervelund, 2018 [13] Lambert, 2018 [54] Michael, 2019 [27] Miner, 2017 [32] Nacif-Gomera, 2013 [44] Pacheco, 2012 [28] Robertson, 2019 [56] Salt, 2017 [29] Sharma, 2023 [46] Sheikh, 2009 [33] Streuli, 2021 [57] Tsai, 2018 [43] Yang, 2021 [59] |
Socioeconomic status | Providing free-of-charge health and social services to uninsured individuals; reimbursing patients for health expenses not covered by their insurance; Offering health-related vouchers and materials (e.g., toothbrushes); Assisting patients in understanding and working with insurance providers | Brown, 2018 [51] Hill, 2008 [49] Hsu, 2015 [24] Lambert, 2018 [54] Long, 2021 [42] McBride, 2016 [47] McMurray, 2014 [26] Michael, 2019 [27] Miner, 2017 [32] Nacif-Gomera, 2013 [44] Pacheco, 2012 [28] Russel, 2021 [40] Saito, 2021 [41] Vais, 2020 [30] Wenner, 2020 [58] Yang, 2021 [59] Yassin, 2018 [60] |
Social capital | Creating local social networks to address social isolation; Delivering the intervention in a community setting where individuals could bring friends and family; Expanding individuals’ social network by hiring peers and community health workers as intervention facilitators | Brown, 2018 [51] Coffman, 2017 [52] De Voogd, 2020 [48] Documet, 2020 [21] Ghahari, 2020 [53] Nacif-Gomera, 2013 [44] Robertson, 2019 [56] Salt, 2017 [29] Sharma, 2023 [46] Yun, 2016 [31] |
+ | Age: Designing interventions to cater to the health needs of older immigrants (e.g., assistance with activities of daily living) as well as children (e.g., childhood cancer, dental caries, immunization) | Hill, 2008 [49] Hsu, 2015 [24] Miner, 2017 [32] Nacif-Gomera, 2013 [44] Sheikh, 2009 [33] |
Disability: Delivering care at home for house-bound patients | Ansbro, 2021 [50] | |
Time-dependent relationships: Designing interventions to cater to patients at times of high health needs (e.g., pregnant and postpartum women) | Dougherty, 2021 [22] Owens, 2016 [55] Yelland, 2020 [61] |