Table 2 Infectious disease outbreaks and spillover events linked to mining operations on the African continent
Disease Outbreak/Pathogen | Year | Country | Transmission Source/Hotspot |
|---|---|---|---|
Mpox Virus [20] | 2023–2024 | Democratic Republic of Congo | Kamituga Mines Area (ongoing investigations) |
Ebola Virus Disease [19] | 2018–2019 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Biakato Mines Area |
Marburg Virus [18] Disease | 2007 | Uganda | Kitaka Mines |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus [22] | 2007–2018 | Multiple countries in Sub-Saharan Africa | Multiple mines |
Marburg Virus Disease [17] | 1998–2000 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Goroumbwa Cave |
Ebola Virus Disease [28] | 1994 | Gabon | Mekouka Gold Mining Camps |