Table 4 Knowledge

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) from 2010 or latest year (before 2013)

Share of total GERD spent on health

119 bn PPP $

29%.

9 bn PPP $

4.9%

5 bn PPP $

16.6%

Findings indicate increased Chinese investments into pharmaceutical R&D, but the US remained leading.

[52]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[96]

[97]

[98, 99]

[100, 101]

Publications in life sciences, global ranking, 2019

Ranked 1st

Ranked 4th

Ranked 23rd

The US remained leading in terms of number and top cited publications. China climbed publications rankings substantially.

Share of 1% most cited science academic publications,

2000-14

62% − 55%

2–11%

In 2014 s only to the US and the UK.

Less than 4% in both years.

Patents filed in country patent office, ranking, 2004-18

360 –600 K

Until 2011 the US received the most applications, and until 2019 was the top source of international patent applications, in 2019 the US was second in both respects.

130 K − 1,5 Million

In 2011 China´s patent office became world leading measured by the number of patent applications received.

In 2019 China surpassed the US as the top source of international patent applications.

17 –50 K

India was ranked 7th in terms number of patents filed in 2018.

Patent filing increased by 12 times in China, 3 times in India and 1, 7 times in the US 2004–2018. China surpassed the US in patent filing.

Pharmaceutical patents counted by applications origin,

2000-18

5308 - 11,931

1220–7362

29–393.

On pharmaceutical patent grants the US remained leading.

FDA Novel Drug Approvals

Housed 60% of headquarters of companies granted novel drug approvals by the FDA 2016-18.

None

None

The US housed the majority of companies with global top-selling drugs, as well as those receiving novel drug approvals from the FDA.

Top selling drugs

Of the 10 top-selling drugs (revenue) of 2019, 8 had their patents held by companies with headquarters in the US.

None

None