Table 3 Robustness test: alternative sampling. This table reports the results for robustness tests by expanding additional samples. We identified totally 48,799 elderly, of whom 46,714 with public health insurance and 2,085 without health insurance from 2013 and 2023. Dependent indicators were logarithmically transformed in the model considering the skewed distribution. ^***, ^** and ^* denote statistically significant levels of 1%, 5% and 10% respectively

DRG

0.0002

-0.0921***

0.2599***

-1.7854***

0.2607***

(0.0087)

(0.0118)

(0.0161)

(0.0452)

(0.0122)

Age

-0.0018***

-0.0022***

0.0059***

-0.0105***

-0.0070***

(0.0003)

(0.0004)

(0.0006)

(0.0017)

(0.0005)

Gender

0.0697***

0.0891***

0.0693***

-0.0196

0.0036

(0.0050)

(0.0067)

(0.0091)

(0.0256)

(0.0069)

Married

0.0629***

0.1031***

0.0588***

-0.0269

0.0838***

(0.0057)

(0.0077)

(0.0105)

(0.0295)

(0.0080)

LOS

0.0537***

0.0614***

0.1063***

0.0367***

0.0482***

(0.0003)

(0.0004)

(0.0006)

(0.0016)

(0.0004)

M_type

-0.0026***

-0.0049***

-0.0039***

0.0271***

-0.0154***

(0.0003)

(0.0004)

(0.0005)

(0.0014)

(0.0004)

D_Admission

0.0015***

0.0013***

-0.0006***

-0.0019***

0.0021***

(0.0001)

(0.0001)

(0.0002)

(0.0005)

(0.0001)

CPI

0.7423***

-3.8938***

0.9483**

-19.1289***

3.1829***

(0.2132)

(0.2870)

(0.3924)

(1.1033)

(0.2977)

GDP_pc

-0.1632***

0.8306***

0.3504***

15.5529***

-2.1758***

(0.0512)

(0.0689)

(0.0942)

(0.2648)

(0.0714)

H_worker

0.0057

-0.0097

0.1518***

1.0824***

-0.1444***

(0.0200)

(0.0270)

(0.0369)

(0.1036)

(0.0280)

N_Hospital

-0.0003***

-0.0006***

-0.0003***

-0.0044***

0.0005***

(0.0000)

(0.0000)

(0.0000)

(0.0001)

(0.0000)

Constant

9.9838***

3.8736***

-0.9169

-141.6992***

29.1063***

(0.5644)

(0.7598)

(1.0388)

(2.9205)

(0.7880)

Year FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Region FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Observations

48,799

48,799

48,799

48,799

48,799

R-squared

0.5205

0.4379

0.4602

0.2819

0.3518