Fig. 2

Association between internet use, frailty, and social isolation. βA represents the effects of internet use on social isolation; βB represents the effects of social isolation on frailty; βC’ represents the effects of internet use on frailty with social isolation; βC represents the effects of internet use on frailty without social isolation. HRS: Health and Retirement Study; CHARLS: China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; SHARE: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe; ELSA: English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; MHAS: Mexican Health and Aging Study