Table 3 Risk factors for cardio-metabolic diseases in home and host countries
NCD Risk Factorsa | Sample size | Alcohol use | Tobacco use | Low physical activity | Low fruits and vegetable consumption | Diabetes | Hypertension | Hyperglycemia | Hypercholesterolemia | Overweight/Obesity | Mean BMI | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home countries | ||||||||||||
Nepal (2013) | 4143 adults aged 15–69 years | 17.4% | 18.5% | 3.5% | 98.9% | 3.6% | 25.7% | 4.1% | 22.7% | 21.6% overweight and 4.0% obese | 22.4 | [47] |
India (2008) | 38,064 adults aged 15- 64 years [49] | 5.8 to 14.3% [49] | 9.5 to 44.0% [49] | 42.3 to 81.2% [49] | 75.7 to 98.9% [49] |  | 16.6 to 21.1% [49] | 0.6 to 5.9% [49] | 27.1% [50] | 9.7 to 25.7% overweight, 1.8 to 8.0% obese [49] | 20.1 to 22.7 [49] | |
Pakistan (2014) | 7710 adults aged 18–69 years | – | 13.9% | 41.5% | 96.5% | 3.4% | 37.0% | – | 1.5% | 41.3% overweight and 14.9% obese | 24.5 | [44] |
Bangladesh (2010) | 9275 adults aged 25 years and above | 0.9% (66.7% of this population engaged in binge-drinking) | 26.2% | 27.0% | 95.7% | 3.9% self-reported | 17.9% | – | – | 17.6% overweight | 21.5 | [43] |
Bhutan (2014) | 2822 adults aged 18–69 years | 42.4% | 7.4% | 6.4% (51.5% physical inactivity in 2010 a/c to country profile annexed in Oxford report) | 66.9% | 6.4% | 35.7% | 10.7% | 12.5% | 33.0% overweight and 6.2% obese | 24 | [45] |
Afghanistan (2008) | – | – | 0.7% | – | – | – | 22.5% | – | – | 2.2% obese | – | [51] |
Sri Lanka (2015) | 5188 adults aged 18–69 years | 17.9% | 15.0% | 30.4% | 72.5% | 7.4% | 26.1% | 3.8% | 23.7% | 29.3% overweight and 5.9% obese | 22.9 | [48] |
Maldives (2011) | 1780 adults aged 15–64 years | 0.9% | 18.8% | 45.9% | 93.6% | 4.7% | 16.6% | 6.2% in 2010 a/c to country profile annexed in Oxford report) | – | 37.1% overweight and 11.5% obese | 23.7 | [46] |
Host Countries | ||||||||||||
Qatar (2012) | 2496 adults aged 18–64 years | – | 16.4% | 45.9% | 91.1% | 16.7% | 16.4% | 5.8% | 21.9% | 70.1% overweight and 41.4% obese | 29.2 | [28] |
Saudi Arabia (2005) | 5000 adults aged 15–64 years | – | 24.2% men and 1.4% women | 67.7% | 91.6% men and 95.3% women | 15.8% men and 14.9% women | 21.3% total, 24.2% men and 18.5% women | 19.6% men and 17.1% women; 18.3% total | 18.6% men and 19.7% women (≥5.2 mmol/L) | 37.9% men overweight, and 28.3% men obese; 27.6% women overweight, 43.8% women obese | 27.0 for men and 29.1 for women | [52] |
UAE (2014–2016) |  | – | 28.0% among men and 0.9% among women in 2016 among adults aged 18 years or above [53] | 30.2% in 2016 [54] | – | 8.0% total, 7.8% men and 8.5% women in 2016 [54] | 19.1% total, 21.1% men and 13.3% women in 2014 [55] | – | – | 70.6% overweight and 34.5% obese in 2016 4 [54] | – | |
Jordan (2007) | 3654 adults aged 18 years and over | 0.9% | 29.0% | 5.2% | 14.2% | 16.0% | 25.5% | 23.8% | 36.1% | 67.4% overweight,36.5% obese | 28.5 | [56] |
Lebanon (2010) | 1982 adults aged 25–64 years | 20.5% | 38.5% | 45.8% | – | 11.2% | 13.4% | 17.9% | 71.9% | 65.4% overweight or obese | 27.5 | [27] |
Kuwait (2015) | 4391 adults aged 18–69 years | 0.8% | 20.5% | 62.6% | 83.8% | 14.6% | 25.1% | 6.1% | 55.9% | 77.2% overweight and 40.2% obese | 29.4 | [29] |
Bahrain (2007) | 1769 adults aged 20 to 64 years | – | 19.9% | – | – | 14.3% | 38.2% | 12.0% | 40.6% | 32.9% overweight and 36.3% obese | 28.54(6.4) | [57] |